Darrell Bock Archives - Reading Acts

Bock, Darrell L. Jesus according to Scripture: Restoring the Portrait from the Gospels. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2002. 704 pages, pb. $40.00 Link to Baker

This review refers to the first edition of the book. Baker released an updated edition in 2021 with Benjamin Simpson as a co-author . Darrell Bock has made many important contributions to the study of the Gospels and Jesus including a two-volume commentary on Luke in the Baker Exegetical series (1994-96) and a Theology of Luke and Acts (Zondervan, 2012). He also edited a major collection of essays along with Robert L. Webb (Key Events in the Life of the Historical Jesus: A Collaborative Exploration of Context and Coherence, Eerdmans 2010). His Jesus according to Scripture was written to serve as an introduction to the life of Jesus viewed as a whole, primarily from the Synoptic Gospels. He does include three chapters on John’s gospel, but the bulk of the book is a synopsis of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

Part one is a single chapter overview of the four gospels. Bock provides an outline and an overview of basic introductory questions (author, setting, etc.) along with some of the main interests of the book (prophecy fulfillment in Matthew for example). Bock’s introduction is very short in comparison to the rest of the book, and given the goals of the book this is a good thing. For every position he takes on date or origin, there are major competing views, but in order to keep the focus squarely on the “life of Jesus according to the scripture,” he does not engage opposing views.

Part two is the story of Jesus from the perspective of the Synoptic Gospels. This is the main section of the book and serves two purposes. First, Bock provides a summary of the events of the Gospels with some commentary on background features that will highlight the significance of these events. Second, Bock will show how each of the three Synoptic Gospels offer a unique insight into an event. This synthetic approach means that Bock will cover the story of Jesus chronologically. Despite protesting that his intention is not to “merge the gospels together” (p. 49), the chronological approach will always appear to do just that. This approach will also frustrate anyone looking for a “historical Jesus” approach. In fact, Bock eschews this kind of study in his introduction to the second section of the book (p. 50). He does not engage in source criticism to determine which account was first and how it was edited by the later gospels, nor does he weigh the sayings of Jesus to determine their authenticity. He simply tells the story of Jesus in a way that reads more or less chronologically, from the birth narratives in Matthew and Luke to the resurrection stories in all four gospels.

In order to organize the story of Jesus, Bock divided the Synoptic Gospels into 294 units. A chart at the beginning of the book shows the parallel passages in each gospel (including John when applicable). In addition, there are 50 units that are only found in John. These numbered sections form the content of the part two, chapters 2-11 (pages 51-405). In the body of the text, each section is number and equivalent numbers are given in other Synopsis systems (Aland, Orchard, and Huck-Greeven). One advantage to reading the book in the Logos format is that clicking the index number link will take you directly to that place in the book, but the scripture in the columns are tagged as Scripture and will open in your preferred Bible. If you roll your pointer over the link (on the desktop version), the text will appear in a floating window.

For each unit, Bock provides a running commentary on the text, usually starting with Mark when available then commenting on any unique features in Matthew and Luke, when available. Reference is made to the Greek text (without transliteration), but this is not an exegetical commentary by any means. What strikes me as very useful is Bock’s explanation of historical and cultural background. For the average reader, these comments will provide enough background to set the story into a cultural context. Bock does interact briefly with contemporary scholarship, but the footnotes are not overwhelming. The body of each chapter is meant to be read, so he limits these interactions to pointing out important work for students who want to explore more deeply. Each chapter offers a conclusion summarizing the units covered in the chapter.

Part three consists of three chapters devoted to John’s account of the Life of Jesus. The first chapter covers John 1 as a theological introduction to the book. The second chapter in this section covers the “book of signs” (John 2-12). The final chapter in this section of the book covers the “book of glory” (John 13-21). These divisions are natural and well-recognized in scholarship, although these two “books” make for very long chapters. Both John 2-4 and 5-10 are clear sub-units, and might have made this section more manageable for the reader. As with the Synoptic section, Bock is not very interested in critical issues. There is little said about some of the problems of John’s historical reliability. For example, the “cleansing of the Temple” appears in John’s gospel at the beginning of Jesus’ ministry, rather than the end. Bock states that the event might have taken place twice, but it is at least possible it happened only once and John moved the event to foreshadow Jesus’ conflict with the leadership in Jerusalem. Either way, the issue is dispatched in two short paragraphs.

Bock does an excellent job showing the Jewish background for Jesus’ actions in John’s gospel, making frequent reference to the Hebrew Bible, Dead Sea Scrolls or other contemporary literature. For example, while commenting on the third sign, a healing on the Sabbath, Bock describes the problem the leadership had with the man carrying his mat on the Sabbath with several illustrations from the Mishnah and shows potential parallels between Jesus’ response to the Pharisees and Philo’s view of the Sabbath and the Exodus Rabbah.

In the final chapter of the book, Bock concludes by tracing the major theological interests of this Gospels. The Gospels present Jesus as the “Uniquely Authoritative One in Act and Word.” This 80 page chapter is a biblical theology of Jesus drawn from all four gospels, grouped into several sections. Bock’s method is to begin each subsection with a collation of all the verses that pertain to his topic and then offer a synthesis of that material. Again, here is an advantage of the Logos version of the book, since the reader can look at this long list of verses and click through to the verse in context. In addition, once could copy the list and create a “verse list” that provides all of the verses to read one after another.

Beginning with baptism and temptation, Bock shows that the Gospels present Jesus as the obedient Son of God. Bock offers a summary of Jesus’ teaching on the kingdom of God as “as the expression of God’s dynamic rule and vindication of the righteous both now and yet to come” (565). He provides a list of the titles given to Jesus in the Gospels and surveys Jesus’ teaching on a variety of subjects (forgiveness, Sabbath, purity, etc.)

This theological chapter includes a very good section on the type of community Jesus was forming during his ministry, focusing on repentance and forgiveness. Here Bock deals with discipleship: what did it mean to be a follower of Jesus? What is the calling and mission of the disciple of Jesus? Oddly, it is in this section that he discusses the Parables since Parables represent teaching primarily for the disciples, to whom the mysteries of the kingdom were given. The chapter ends with a section on Jesus’ final week, his rejection by his own people, death, burial and resurrection.

Conclusion. As Bock states in his preface, Jesus according to Scripture was intended for use in a college or Seminary class on the Life of Jesus. The text is not overly technical; students and pastors ought to be able to use this text as they teach through the life of Jesus in a variety of contexts. Bock is an Evangelical and that is clear from this book. While he interacts with a wide range of scholarship, his commitment is to the inspiration of the text and the Gospel that is presented in the life of Jesus. Any survey text like this will occasionally frustrate the reader with brevity, but Bock has provided useful footnotes and bibliography for further reading and research.

For a brief overview of issues relating to the historical Jesus, see Marvin Pate’s 40 Questions on the Historical Jesus.

NB: Thanks to Logos for kindly providing me with a review copy of Jesus according to Scripture. This did not influence my thoughts regarding the work.

Darrell Bock’s new book A Theology of Luke and Acts came in yesterday’s mail (Thanks Zondervan!) I have read parts of the book through NetGalley, but it is good to have a real book in my hands at last. I had considered it as a textbook for my Gospels and Acts class next year, but it was not released in time for use as a textbook in the fall.

The book is akin to Andreas Kostenberger’s Theology of John and his Letters (Zondervan, 2010). Both books have the same general format (bibliography at the beginning of a chapter ala the Word Biblical Commentaries; numbering sections of the book, and dual-column footnotes). Both books also have a simple table of contents followed by a very detailed outline Table of Contents (8 pages!) I find this extremely useful for finding a detail buried in a chapter. The legal-style number for sections is fine, but really should have been dropped for the fourth chapter, an outline and summary of Luke – Acts. Paragraphs with the heading 4.3.10.1 A are not particularly helpful.

After four chapters of introductory material, Bock provides 16 chapters on major theological themes in Luke – Acts. He begins with the plan, activity and character of God (ch. 5) and the promise / fulfillment texts as a witness to the plan of God (ch. 6). Chapters 7-8 deal with aspects of Jesus as Messiah, chapter 9 concerns the Holy Spirit in Luke – Acts. This is interesting to me since books of this sort tend to emphasize Luke’s view of the Holy Spirit. Bock has an efficient 14 pages on the topic, although the Holy Spirit is a motif which runs through most of the other topics as well. Chapters 10-11 deal with Salvation in Luke and Acts, then a chapter each on Israel, Gentiles the Church, and Disciples in Luke-Acts (12-15). Chapter 16 discusses the opponents in Luke – Acts, and provides a window into Luke’s view of the Roman empire.

Chapter 17 is worthy of a monograph, Bock discusses Luke’s view of women and the poor, although most of the chapter deals with women in Luke – Acts. This is a sociological study, and while not as detailed as other studies it is an excellent introduction to Luke’s unique view of women in the New Testament. Chapter 18 is a brief look at Luke’s view of the Law. The chapter is a mere 10 pages, making me wonder if law is is an important enough theme to include in the book. The theology section concludes with a chapter on Ecclesiology and Eschatology in Luke – Acts. Bock concludes the book with a chapter on Luke and the Canon (synoptic issues, but also parallels with Paul and the catholic epistles). His final chapter summarizes the book into six key theological themes in Luke.

I have only scanned the material in this book, having already read portions via NetGalley. The book certainly lives up to my expectations in providing the biblical theology missing from Bock’s commentaries on Luke and Acts. Zondervan is to be applauded for continuing to publish serious scholarship written by Evangelicals, and I look forward to other contributions to this series. While this book will not please everyone, Bock has contributed a readable summary of the major aspects of Luke’s theology.