Revelation 14 concludes with a son of man reaping a harvest from the earth. But there is a second angel who reaps a harvest of grapes and treads the grapes in the “great winepress of God’s wrath.” Is this a single judgment, or are there two harvests in view? Is this “harvest of the earth” in Revelation 14 for salvation or judgment?
The combination of the image of a harvest and a sickle seems to indicate this is a harvest to judgment and the extreme gore of verses 19-20 describe an epic final judgment of all the earth. However, some commentators think there are two harvests in 14:14-20. The first (verses 14-15) is a wheat harvest and includes all people, while the second is a grape harvest (verse 16-20) only falls on the unrighteous. The first harvest is for the elect and the second for the non-elect to damnation.
In the Gospels, since the crowds following him as a plentiful harvest, Jesus tells his disciples to “pray to the Lord of the harvest to send out workers” (Matt 9:37/Luke 10:2). In the next paragraph Jesus selects the twelve disciples, gives them authority to heal and cast out demons, and then sends them out to announce the Kingdom of God to the Jewish people in Galilee. The disciples are the workers in the harvest. But there is an eschatological edge to some of Jesus’s harvest sayings. The arable of the Wheat and Weeds, for example, looks forward to the separation of the wheat and the weeds at the harvest time (Matt 13:24-30). In Mark 4:29 he says “But when the grain is ripe, at once he puts in the sickle, because the harvest has come.”
Grain harvests can be used to describe either a gathering to salvation or a gathering to judgment. Isaiah 27:12-13 the Lord will “thresh out the grain” and Israel will be gleaned so that they can return to Jerusalem and worship God. But in Isaiah 17:4 it is Jacob that is judged at the harvest of olives. In Jeremiah 51:33 Babylon on the threshing floor and the “the time of her harvest will come.” Joel 3:13 is likely the text John alludes to in Revelation 14 since it combines a grain and grape harvest: “Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Go in, tread, for the winepress is full. The vats overflow, for their evil is great.”
The Septuagint translates the Hebrew word “scroll” (מְגִלָּה) as “sickle” (δρέπανον), the same word used here in Revelation 14. Zechariah sees “a flying sickle, twenty cubits long and ten cubits wide” (LES2). This death sickle will go out over the face of the land to punish every thief and everyone who swears falsely. Both 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra describe an eschatological harvest as a judgment on the wicked:
2 Baruch 70.2 Behold, the days are coming and it will happen when the time of the world has ripened and the harvest of the seed of the evil ones and the good ones has come that the Mighty One will cause to come over the earth and its inhabitants and its rulers confusion of the spirit and amazement of the heart.
4 Ezra 4.30–32 For a grain of evil seed was sown in Adam’s heart from the beginning, and how much ungodliness it has produced until now, and will produce until the time of threshing comes! 31 Consider now for yourself how much fruit of ungodliness a grain of evil seed has produced. 32 When heads of grain without number are sown, how great a threshing floor they will fill!”
4 Ezra uses the image of a harvest for vindication of the righteous as well, in 4:35 the righteous as “when will come the harvest of our reward?”
It is possible to approach the two judgments as similar following same pattern: Another angel comes out from the temple or altar in heaven; a command by a heavenly voice (God’s voice) to proceed with the harvest. In each there is a sharp sickle; in each the harvest is ripe. There are two difference in the ripeness, the grain has dried up (aorist passive from ξηραίνω) but the grapes are at their peak (ἀκμάζω, “the best time of life,” BDAG).
If the passage is patterned on Joel 3:13, then only one judgment is in mind, although it is possible John expanded Joel’s single judgment into two. This may be an example of repetition to emphasize the severity of the judgment.
The harvest of the earth has very vivid imagery which allows me to easily imagine the action of the earth being reaped. An often-underappreciated aspect of the harvest of the earth is how it highlights the power of God. Consider how insignificant wheat is once someone reaps it. It is not a hard act to reap wheat with a sickle. Now consider how easy it is for God to give someone the power to reap the earth. They simply swing their sickle over the earth and it is reaped (Rev. 14:16). Just as wheat falls before a sickle so the earth will easily fall before God’s power. I do not understand why the earth is reaped twice. I do not see a reason to view one of them as salvation and the other one as judgement because, the focus does not seem to be on those who are sealed. Perhaps there are two reapings to demonstrate how much wrath the earth has incurred. The violent description of the second reaping does highlight God’s wrath (Rev. 14:20). I found the connection between the harvest of the earth and Joel 3:13 interesting. Most of the book of Joel is about God’s judgement, so the connection does highlight that the harvest of the earth is purely about wrath. I do like what Blackwell (2019) writes on this chapter “God works out his divine plan by setting out two distinct paths: blessing for holiness and punishment for wickedness” (p. 123). This is seen in Revelation 14 with the first five verses discussing those who are sealed by God and the last verses discussing judgement. This is how I viewed this chapter, which includes both reapings being about judgement.
Why does the Bible have to be so difficult to interpret sometimes? It can get frustrating at times for me if I am being completely transparent, only because I desire to know the truth about everything. I understand that not every single thing in scripture is crucial for us to know, but I still would love to know the absolute truth on many topics. However, there are a lot of things in the bible that are up to the leading of the Spirit in our own lives and not a yes or no answer. This is called freedom in Christ. I do understand though that God desires us to study His Word, not just for us to simply read through it, like 2 Timothy 2:15 states. It would be too easy for us if all we had to do was pick up a Bible and be able to perfectly comprehend it. I think this keeps us more focused and intentional with God’s Word when we can’t fully comprehend all aspects of it, and it requires discipline on our part and perseverance to not give up studying. Both of those perspectives in the article are considerable, due to the scripture provided and points made about the harvesting and its true meaning. It does seem odd that there would be two harvestings, especially if they were both judgments, but at the same time, isn’t a lot of Revelation judgment upon all the unrighteous? Either way, we know God’s character and that He will act fairly in accordance with His justice.
The harvest imagery used in revelation seems to be a common theme throughout the scriptures. I suppose simply because farming was a widespread large occupation and the harvests would have a ripple effect though the surrounding economies. Such as droughts and rainfall affect prices. We even see themes of this in revelation, “A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius.” (Rev 6:6) Nonetheless, the fact that a harvest can have a vast and tangible impact on the value chain of the local economy makes it an appropriate analogy for revelation. By using the symbolism of a wheat harvest and a grain harvest we are shown the differences between what kind of judgements will occur. One is an act of collecting and another is an act of depressing, one is acquisition and another is production. After Jesus speaks with a woman at the well, she goes to town and evangelizes to the Sumerians there. Likely Jesus is seeing this with his disciples as he tells them “Look, I tell you, lift up your eyes, and see that the fields are white for harvest.” (John 4:35) Jesus is using an agricultural analogy to say that the time is right for the gospel to spread. The hearts of the people are in the perfect state now. All of this to say, the harvest imagery in revelation ultimately shows the readiness of humanity for a spiritual awakening and certainty that God’s judgement will unfold in its appointed season.
This idea of the separation of visions in Revelation 14 makes sense in my mind due to first the textual information within the passage. I see these as two separate harvests: the first of wheat and the second, grape. I think, however, more accurately, they are the same vision but presented twice.
The wheat harvest could be the righteous for two reasons. First, is what is harvested. Wheat when crushed, does not produce liquid—rather dry wheat when crushed, or milled, becomes flour; the dry substance that makes up everything from grandma’s carrot cakes to the wafers we eat during communion. Second, the harvest does not end violently—rather we are uninformed of its ending. All we know is that the “earth was harvested,” (Rev. 14:16b). There is no mill of God’s wrath here, just an empty ending.
The grape harvest can be identified as the unrighteous for the anthesis of the first harvest. Grapes produce a red liquid, like blood, and are then thrown in the winepress to make wine. Wine from grapes—unless the grapes are green, producing white wine—is a deep red color, not dissimilar to blood. In the passage with the wheat, the one with the sickle is identified to be Jesus Christ, (like the son of man) in this passage, the angel is identified as to have “authority over fire,” (Rev 14:18a) which Robert H. Mounce, one of my favorite commentators on Revelation, notes that this angel, “John undoubtedly has in mind,” (Mounce, 1977, pg., 280), is the same angel found in Revelation 8:3-5, who casted fire to the earth.
However, I think more clearly these can be seen as the same judgement, but from different views. The first vision might be intended to be a separation of the wheat and chaff, a common theme of judgement within the scriptures. The angel who comes with the sickle is simply an agent of Jesus Christ in the harvest of the earth.