The collection known as the Psalms of Solomon are among the more important pieces of literature in the expansions collection since they are the reflections of “devout Jews to the capture of Jerusalem by the Romans in the first century B.C” (OTP 2:640). The eighteen psalms are preserved in both Greek and Syriac manuscripts dating as early as the tenth century A.D. The eighteen Psalms of Solomon are mentioned in canon a list the fifth century A.D. Codex Alexandrinus, although the text of the Psalms are missing from that codex. The psalms seem to have been used by the author of 2 Baruch, implying they were written before the end of the first century. The psalms refer to an invasion of the land, so they may be dated as early as Antiochus IV Epiphanies, but Pompey (in 63 B.C.) and Titus (in A.D. 70) are also possibilities. Herod the Great is also a possibility although he was not exactly an invader from a foreign land when he took Palestine by force in the mid-30s B.C.
The consensus view, however, is that the invader in the Psalms of Solomon is Pompey. This implies a date after 48 B.C. since PsSol. 2.26-27 alludes to the assassination of Pompey. While on board a ship near Egypt, he was beheaded and his body thrown overboard.
PsSol 2.26-27 And I did not wait long until God showed me his insolence pierced on the mountains of Egypt, more despised than the smallest thing on earth and sea. 27 His body was carried about on the waves in much shame, and there was no one to bury (him), for he (God) had despised him with contempt.
R. B. Wright therefore suggests a range of dates from 45 to 70 B.C. for the datable Psalms. Since some do not allude events which can be dated, they may come from another period and were added to the collection when it reached its final form.
The Psalms of Solomon refer to people who call themselves “the pious” or “the righteous” who have fled to the desert. The temptation to identify the group as Essene ought to be resisted since the desert is often a place of refuge in the biblical material. If Roman invasion is the occasion of the Psalms, the invasion is blamed on the rivalries of the Hasmonean priests (Hyrcanus II, Aristobulus II, and Antigonus). They are blamed for defiling the sacrifices (2:1-3) and laying waste to the throne of David (17:6). The Hasmoneans are therefore corrupt and illegal kings.
The usual polemic accusations are made (immorality, breach of purity, theft, etc.) The righteous have suffered, but they have not been destroyed. They are waiting for God’s judgment which will vindicate their suffering, although it may not be in this life. E. P. Sanders considered this as a rather vague belief in an afterlife (Sanders, Judaism, 454). In PsSol. 3:11 “The destruction of the dead is forever and he will not be remembered when God visits the righteous. This is the share of the sinners forever, but those who fear the Lord shall rise up to eternal life and there life shall be in the Lord’s light, and it shall never end.” Notice the righteous will rise to an eternal life of some sort. (John Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination, 143 also lists 13:11, 14:3, 15:13 and 16:1-3 as implying an afterlife.)
What is unique in the Psalms of Solomon is a much more robust view of the Messiah. In Psalm 17 the messiah is described as a new Davidic king who “will destroy the lawless nations.” The twelve tribes of Israel will be restored to the land and the Gentiles will come from the ends of the earth to see the glory of the messiah.
Psalm 17 is the most important for New Testament context since it serves as an indication of messianic expectations which were current only shortly before the time of Jesus. Rome is viewed as a foreign invader who will be removed when the messiah comes. If these sorts of messianic expectations were popular in Galilee in the 20’s A.D. then we have good reason to read Jesus’ teaching as intentionally messianic and we are able to understand some of the confusion and disappointment among the Jews who heard him teach. One might speculate as to the motives of Judas for betraying Jesus. If Judas was thinking something like what we read in PsSol. 17 then it is possible he was trying to “force Messiah’s hand” into striking out against Rome and the Temple establishment. Jesus seemed to be claiming to be the Messiah, but he did not seem to be the Davidic messiah expected in Psalm 17.
From an ethical perspective, the Psalms have a very high view of proper behavior and morality, despite only mentioning the Law in 4:8 and 14:1-3. One must live a life pleasing to God. This requires confession of sin and humble acceptance of God’s discipline (3:4; 10:2; 14:1; OTP 2:645). This is similar to Hebrews 12, which describes God’s discipline as that of a good, heavenly father.
Reblogged this on Talmidimblogging.
I like the idea that PssSol as background for Jesus’ teaching about messianic expectation, and especially like this as specific rather than general background for your description of Judas’s actions, trying to force Jesus’s hand, press him to be more aggressively “messianic” after the fashion of PssSol.
The Apocryphal work “Psalms of Solomon” is a significant Second Temple Jewish work that preserves the thoughts of faithful religious Jews who were captured in Jerusalem by the Romans in the first century B.C. and contains many messianic texts. This text was cited by “2 Baruch”, which indicates that the composition of this work was completed before the end of the first century. Some scholars, specifically, R.B. Wright, generally date the work between 45-70 B.C., although some events described may have been added later and remained present in their final form.
What provides the “Psalms of Solomon” with rich material is its more nuanced understanding of the Messiah, which is more detailed than other works produced around similar times. The Davidic messiah was envisioned as someone who will destroy and conquer the nations who oppose Israel along with the gentiles coming to see the glory of the Messiah. In its cultural context, the Roman empire was seen as a foreign power that would be removed when the Messiah comes and reestablishes Israel’s glory, which would influence how first-century Jews would have interpreted Jesus’s ministry and understood Him as a potential messiah. This understanding provided by the “Psalms of Solomon” may help explain why Jesus received some backlash and opposition from some of the Jewish leaders and people since they believed the Messiah was to physically liberate them from Rome, as opposed to spiritual liberation. As Christians, it is easy to believe that messianic prophesies and expectations were perfectly aligned with Jesus and His ministry in the first century. Yet, if we are to properly interpret scripture and the audience of the first century, we must accept that differing perspectives on the meaning of some prophecies and expectations for the messiah were present and given some authority.
We can see the influence that the songs of Solomon had on early Jewish writers, such as 2 Baruch (Long, 2018). There are two groups of people set in contrast with one another. The first grow (possible the Essenes) is seen as a pious and righteous people group that have fled away into the Desser to find sanctuary. The second group is quite the opposite, the group known as the “Hasmoneans” is blamed for the invasion by the romans. Stemming from being unrighteous priest and improperly sacrificing to the Lord. Not only are the Hasmoneans unrighteous priests, but they are seeming like unfit kings and a slander to the Thone of David. There seems to be consistent theme seen here in the Song of Solomon as the righteous must suffer the rath of the wicked, but in the end, they will not be destroyed completely (Long, 2018). Following along with the teachings that God is a just and gracious God that disciplines the children that he loves. These psalms give some insight into why the Jewish people became disappointed in the teaching of Jesus. The Song of Solomon gives the perspective that the messiah would come to save the people from Rome as a warrior. Giving some credence to the theory that when Judas betray Jesus, he was trying to usher in this warrior mindset. One must wonder if these psalms are still correct in their own way, looking forwards to the end when Jesus comes back with the sword to save his followers.
Psalm of Solomon dives into the life of a Jew during this time and the standard they are held to. This collection of literature was believed to be written 63 BCE and the turn of the era. “and so this would suggest clear parameters for the composition of the entirety of the Psalms of Solomon between 63 BCE and the turn of the era” (Gurtner and Daniel, 2020, p. 343). The Psalm of Solomon set up an eschatological view for the coming of the Messiah for the rescue of the Jews. This literature is crucial for the theology of the Jews during the second temple period.”Integral to God’s benevolent intervention for the righteous is the depiction of the messiah” (Gurtner and Daniel, 2020, p. 349). This literature gives a robust view of the Messiah and how he will punish the lawless nations and the tribes of Israel will be restored. Thus shaping an eschatological view in which Israel is restored. This is a very encouraging message while Israel is in the midst of exile.”The twelve tribes of Israel will be restored to the land and the Gentiles will come from the ends of the earth to see the glory of the messiah” (Long,2018).
For me, the Psalms of Solomon is the only book so far where if parts of it were considered canon I would not be too concerned with it. As long as the psalms are speaking biblical truths (which they seem to be), I can get behind it. Which you mention the high ethical and moral view the psalms hold in the last paragraph (Long, 2025). So that confirms my thoughts that the psalms hold good biblical truths as far as Christian living and discipline. I think the view Psalm 17 holds in terms of messianic expectations is a good insight into the expectations of the people at the time. In the canon, the coming of the Messiah is written by people who were inspired by God. This psalm gives us a view of a human perspective and thoughts around the messiah. The expectation of a strong messiah coming in to destroy the lawless and slanderous is prominent. Which makes sense because before Jesus, the only rulers they knew were those with strength and power who use those attributes to get what they want and conquer nations. The Jews were not expecting the teaching that Jesus brought as the Messiah. It is interesting to see this perspective. I think we also hold this expectation for when Jesus returns. It would be interesting if he does not come in guns a blazing in the way people expect.
Psalm of Solomon talks specifically about three different people groups. The devout, the gentiles and the sinners (Gurtner, 341). The devout Jews in Psalm of Solomon are identified by Gurtner as the Pharisees that we see in the New Testament because of their theological beliefs (Gurtner, 341). This would mean that the Pharisees were the authors of the book. If the Pharisees were the authors, this would provide a great tool to explain the beliefs of the Pharisees prior to the writings of the New Testament. Unfortunately, it is unknown if these beliefs in Psalm of Solomon do match up with the beliefs of the early first century Pharisees, and it cannot be confirmed whether they are the same. Some believe that the authors were part of the Essene group, as mentioned in your blog post. This is because they are said to be people from the desert. However, as you stated, the desert does not always mean a literal desert in ancient writing and was likely actually referring to a calm and peaceful place. The second group, the gentiles, is believed to be the Roman people who lived under Pompey and conquered their land (Gurtner, 342). Finally, the sinners are connected with the Hasmoneans at this time (Gurtner, 342). This is because the Hasmoneans were seen as the opposite or the enemy of the Pharisees. Understanding the roles of the three groups helps to understand why the work was written and helps to understand what the beliefs were of Jewish people during this time.
The Psalms of Solomon draws a fascinating glimpse into Jewish thought and messianic expectation during the thunderous period between the fall of the Hasmonean dynasty and the rise of Roman power in Judea. These 18 psalms, preserved in Greek and Syriac, reflect the struggle of a devout Jewish community that saw moral and political corruption as the cause behind their national suffering. Most scholars agree that the Roman general Pompey is the invader referenced in Psalm 2, which places the composition of many of the psalms in the mid-1st century B.C. What’s significant in this blog is the psalms’ portrait of “the righteous” those who remain faithful while awaiting divine justice. This group sees themselves as morally upright, rejecting the corrupt Hasmonean priesthood and waiting for a true Davidic messiah. Psalm 17 vividly describes this messianic figure as a warrior-like king who will defeat the Gentiles and restore Israel, offering vital context for Jewish hopes at the time of Jesus. Such expectations likely fueled both excitement and confusion around Jesus’ ministry, especially given his calm, humble approach to messiahship.
Ethically, the Psalms of Solomon emphasize repentance, humility, and personal righteousness. Although they are not fixated on the Law, they call for a life of integrity and spiritual discipline, paralleling New Testament themes, especially in books like Hebrews. These psalms bridge the world between the Old and New Testaments, capturing both the political disappointment and spiritual hope of Second Temple Judaism.