The question of who wrote the book of James is controversial. The traditional view is that James, the brother of Jesus, wrote the book. Nothing in the Book of James does not resonate with what we know about James from the Book of Acts and Paul’s letter to the Galatians.
Some scholars doubt whether the Book of Acts is useful for constructing the first thirty years of the church. Still, in the case of James’s role in the early church, Galatians and Acts confirm the picture of James as the leader of the Jewish Christians in Jerusalem as early as A.D. 50 and as late as A.D. 57. But the name James (Ἰάκωβος, Jacob) is very common in the first century, and the author does not explicitly call himself the brother of Jesus in the letter. He is a “servant of God and the Lord Jesus Christ” in verse one rather than “James the Just, Brother of Our Lord Jesus Christ.”
Several traditions describe James as the first “bishop” of Jerusalem, although the use of that title in Eusebius (Hist. Eccl. 4.5.1-4) is anachronistic. An additional complication is that there are a bewildering number of apocryphal stories about James the Just and his leadership of the Jerusalem church. Some of these may contain historical memories of James, but they are buried in layers of polemic legend. Unfortunately, they are not much help in either identifying the author of James or developing a profile for the “historical James.”
The letter of James is sometimes seen as a response to the growing dominance of Pauline theology in the early church. Robert Wall recently suggested James is a second-century pseudepigrapha added to the canon to balance Paul’s theology. (Nienhuis and Wall, Reading the Epistles of James, Peter, John & Jude as Scripture, Eerdmans, 2013; read my review of the book here). He points out the collection of James, Peter, John, and Jude contains letters from the “Pillars of the Church” and is framed with two letters from the brothers of Jesus. He, therefore, suggests James is a kind of introduction to a “pillars” collection developed in the second century to balance the Paul collection.
Challenges to the Traditional View
This traditional view that Jesus’ brother wrote the Book of James has been challenged for a number of reasons in modern scholarship. Most recently, Dale Allison’s magisterial commentary on James in the ICC series weighs the evidence and concludes James is likely not the author. He points out there is there is no clear knowledge of James before the time of Origen (13). In order to evaluate this claim, Allison surveys many of the alleged allusions to James in early Christian literature, especially in Shepherd of Hermas. He concludes that “informed opinion is dramatically divided over the meaning of these parallels” (22). For some, it is obvious James used Shepherd of Hermas (therefore, not historical James and a later date for the book). For others, James was the inspiration for Hermas (implying an earlier date and maybe the historical James).
Allison also points out that the letter of James seems to misunderstand the theology of Paul (20), something which would be remarkable given the contact between Paul and James according to both Acts and Galatians. This is a good point, but it seems to me to argue against a later date since a writer living in A.D. 150 is less likely to misunderstand Paul than one living a hundred years earlier. The later writer would have all of Paul’s letters available to him and knowledge of the controversial nature of Paul’s theology in the first decades of the church. A misunderstanding is more understandable if James was written before Paul wrote Galatians or Romans. On the other hand, one could argue that a later writer deliberately misrepresented Paul to argue against him, creating a straw man argument.
On the other hand, Karen Jobes points to the use of Q (rather than the canonical gospels) as evidence of an early date (Letters to the Church, 159). Q refers to the sources used by both Matthew and Luke. If James can be shown to use Q, then perhaps this is evidence for an earlier date, before the canonical Gospels were written and circulated.
I believe the letter is the best representative of Jewish Christianity in the New Testament. While I fully understand there were Jewish Christians in Jerusalem well into the third and fourth centuries, the Christian community was almost entirely Jewish until Paul’s missionary activity in the late 40s. The letter of James “fits” the historical context of Acts 1-12 better than the second century.
How would reading James as coming from the leader of the Jerusalem church writing before Acts 15 affect our understanding of the letter?
Bibliography: Dale C. Allison Jr., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Epistle of James (ICC; London: Bloomsbury, 2013).
Interesting issues raised. A number of related ones come to mind. I’ll try to limit them….
The literacy of Jesus’ family (himself, siblings). It’s widely debated whether Jesus himself could or did write (at least beyond some unknown, perhaps simple inscription in the sand, per the Gospels). As a “teknon” (construction worker or artisan) in a rural (or non-metropolitan) part of Galilee, would he or James (assuming sibling relationship) have been taught to write? And in Greek (Aramaic being almost certainly their spoken language)? Maybe, but it would have been much against the norm and implied a “richer” family than that portrayed in the Gospels. James seems to be legendary more for his piety and administrative acumen than as a literary person. (Writing a well-constructed though brief book is a significant step beyond mere literacy.)
According to Acts, he would seem, soon after Jesus’ death, to have been heavily taken up with church growth, Jewish worship practices, and admin affairs rather than scholarly ones (even if some time before he may have taken over from Peter). If he wasn’t already some kind of writer, would he have spent time/energy learning to become one? Jesus had apparently prioritized written records nor polemics, nor suggested, as far as we know, that his followers use the written word. And we have NO works identified with certainty as written by ANY of the Jerusalem Apostles or leaders (realizing the traditional attribution, besides James, of Epistles of Peter, John and Jude to those respective Apostles/brother (?) of Jesus – Jude, which I do not find to be substantial enough to presume… with stronger arguments for later authorship)…. Anyway, at the least there is no conclusive evidence of any writing by any Jerusalem author, pre or post 70, Jerusalem’s practical end as religious center of both Judaism and Christianity. So, if not Peter or John (or Barnabas, Stephen, etc.), what’s the likelihood of, singly, a book by James, who may not have even been literate… and that of a general teaching/wisdom literature type?
As to a potential polemic against Paul in “James”, here’s just one interesting observation from Acts that is often overlooked and under-analyzed, and which is connected to a series of events and issues of great significance which I won’t go into here (expressed in “Apostle Paul: A Polite Bribe”, among other places):
Acts 21 (esp. vs. 20 ff.) have James telling Paul this, upon his arrival at Jerusalem on his final pre-imprisonment-on-way-to-Rome visit: “…[Jerusalem believers] have been told about you that you teach all the Jews living among the Gentiles to forsake Moses… not to circumcise… or observe the [Jewish] customs. What then is to be done…?” (Should be read in context for the full story.) Point for here is that author Luke has James notably NOT, apparently, correcting the potential misconception but advising Paul on how to counter it demonstrably.
The implication here and elsewhere is that James apparently was not well-informed, directly by Paul or otherwise, as to what Paul actually did teach and advise. (For those not aware, the contact between the two was minimal, and the Acts description of the “Jerusalem Council” somewhat suspect or confusing at the least, in relation to Paul’s writings.) Conversely, IF James was indeed well informed, Acts does NOT make a point that he agreed and/or defended Paul when Paul most needed it after his rescue/arrest in the city…. Nor did James apparently dispatch any practical or “moral” support to Paul while in prison for about a year (or 2?) at Caesarea, a mere 50 or so miles away. And this despite Paul’s having gone to long and dangerous effort to collect and bring to Jerusalem a sizeable collection for “the saints” there.
There clearly are some major missing elements in the history we get from Acts that neither the letters of Paul nor “James” clarifies… the true nature and outcome of the tension and competition, for example. However, Paul gives us enough to clearly see the obfuscation of Acts and to leave us wondering about the specifics of the theology of James, Jerusalem Church leader. At the least, “his” epistle can best be read as lacking support for much of the theology of Paul and potentially supporting James’ continuation of orthodox Jewish observance at the Temple, as pictured in Acts (vs. the “supercessionist” implications of the book of Hebrews).
Clarification of typo above: I missed “not” in saying Jesus “prioritized written records…” Also, I perhaps should have qualified Jesus almost certain “spoken language” as “main spoken language” of Aramaic… He and James may have used koine Greek, as the common “trade language” some as well… which would not imply the ability to write good literary Greek.
It is important to understand James as it was written in its original context, the Book of James is a set of principles written for what seems to be a Jewish Christian audience but it is also important to understand that the book was intended for all who inquire it. James inquires that its readers follow this as a guideline as a standard for basic Christian living before the world could be redeemed while Acts displays what it took for the redemption to be completed when sin had entered the world. It is important to read both of these sections in their correct context as before all of this is happening before the return of Christ and is leading up to His crucifixion to redeem all of humanity. Jobes makes the argument that James is written as Jewish Wisdom Literature but has been transposed by Jesus’ teachings (Letters of the Church, 206). Meaning James and Acts coincide with one another in letting us understand the content of the religion in a further context. James seems to be a brief summary of basic principles we are to follow according to His Word while also offering us warnings to steer clear of (James 1, 2, and 3). In order to fully understand how Acts and James coincide with one another I believe it is important that we not only read the context but also read the information presented to us in order as intended for everyone.
From reading this article, as well as other extra-biblical resources, one can see that there is a difference in opinion amongst many scholars in regards to the authorship and date of the book of James. With the discrepancy of dating of James, comes a blurry context for the purpose of the letter of James being written. The book of James predominately speaks of Jewish wisdom, giving an appropriate guidelines for those of Jewish living standards. Evidence that it was written from this time period is presented when James writes “to the twelve tribes scattered among the nations” (1:1), citing when the Christian were persecuted and scattered from Jerusalem. Understanding this context allows one to see that James is writing to the persecuted church scattered by the persecution. Also, it would make further sense when James writes about social justice and providing food and clothing to the poor because of the famine within the first century right after the scattering of the Christians. Jobes disagrees with this, however, because she believes that James is essentially a Q-Document or “served as a pre-synoptic source of Jesus’ teaching for James” (Jobes 159). If this is true, then James is essentially a culmination of previous material and Jesus’ teachings. I don’t believe this to be true because of the previous evidence and context provided. The dating of this makes a difference in our understanding of the letter because of the urgency in which James is writing to the Jews within the persecuted church. This letter also applies to modern day living as well because it speaks truth in regards to wisdom and morality.
I think that having an understanding of the time that James was written is crucial to understanding the the cultural context of the book. The key points that I would like to address would be the social issues that James discusses in great detail. James seems have several points of focus: perseverance in the face of trials and social justice among the Church. Both of these things would fit in the timetable of when James the Just was the head of the Jerusalem church due to the famine and persecution the Jews brought against Christians in the early years of the Church (Jobes pg 154). If we are to consider that it is during these times that James writes his letter than we can clearly understand some of the concerns that James might have, especially with favoritism (James 2:1-13). It would seem to me that if people are poor and prosecuted than making friends with the rich and powerful in the church would be a good way to ease some of the suffering. However this would give the rich an inordinate amount of power within the Church even if they were new believers who still didn’t quite understand the more intricate aspects of the Christian beliefs. While the rich should have been giving money to the poor, they might have been leveraging the gifts for favors or positions. By not looking at the book of James from the historical or cultural perspective of an early written period than we lose out on our understanding of some critical aspects of James. The theology of James is intertwined with the culture and history that James grew up in and readers have a chance of misinterpreting what James wanted us to understand.
In the ESV study bible it speaks about how James is the brother of Jesus and his writings fits better with someone who has the experiences he has had. Also the writing style is Hellenistic which fits him well. The experience that he speaks about through the book fits his shared experiences around the other disciples. The book of James itself fits the writings of someone who would be speaking to the Jews at that time and if it was not James as the writer then he would have to be someone else close to the disciples and Jesus at that time. Which the only ones that would have know each other that well are the disciples since they spent there time together or going out in pairs.
Wellywellys, I don’t have an ESV Study Bible to read what you refer to. But I don’t see how a “Hellenistic” style “fits him well”. If it’s the brother of Jesus writing, we would more expect a Hebrew/Aramaic style, wouldn’t we, even if composed in Greek? I don’t think any scholar suggests a likely composition in Hebrew, lost after translation to Greek. Where would it seem James would have gained a Hellenistic style over against his almost-certain native tongue of Aramaic? (Maybe you meant Hebrew, in that the genre fits a Hebrew one…) My Greek is way too minimal to judge the actual grammar and syntax as particularly non-Greek or not…. I’ve been led to think the Greek here is typical and don’t recall otherwise when I WAS using Greek in seminary many years ago.
But your comment reflects back to my comments well above (1st and 2nd ones) – the idea that, to kick things off for a brother-of-Jesus author, one has to either go somewhat against the Gospels’ setting for the family and the typical Galilean norm of the day, along with biblical and extra-biblical evidence of a VERY “dyed in the wool” and Jewishly loyal “James the Righteous” OR imagine a scenario explaining why and how James would have become a solid writer in Greek… a good literary one, not just able to use “trade” Greek as many Galileans and Judeans apparently did. (Of Paul we expect something different. He was not an original disciple of course. He was clearly both highly intelligent and highly educated, plus raised in the primarily Gentile and hellenized city of Tarsus, if Luke is accurate on this (Acts). Here he probably grew up fully bilingual and reading in Greek as well as Hebrew/Aramaic…. A whole different situation than Galileans like James or Peter, who is credited with 2 NT epistles, traditionally, though seldom so by current scholars.)
I went back and reread the information because I had trouble with reading it before. You are right one of the reasons they believe it is not him is because of the Hellenistic rhetoric is too well done for someone who has supposed to have never left the Palestine area. But being in the time period for him growing up as a youth in an increasingly Hellenistic roman would have influenced his writings. Also, being a Jewish leader he would have been well educated in not only Jewish literature but having been exposed to roman literature as well because of the ruling powers. He is also shown to know Paul well, Paul uses a lot of Hellenistic rhetoric in all of his writings which would have caused an influence in the writings of James. James himself also wrote to many churches and as such would have been able to speak in versatile ways, because of the expanse of not only the area in which the churches resides but also the variety of the population there it would seem almost impossible for him to want or even just be all inclusive with his learning and styles or writing and rhetoric. As such many scholars may argue against him being able to writing in a Hellenistic manner but there is more and more implications that the world, and even the Jewish communities, and other communities were adopting the languages and writing styles of each other. On top of which if you believe James is the one who actually did write the book then you are saying you believe he is well versed in Hellenistic writing make your point mute.
I think knowing who the real author is, as well as when it was written, would affect how we think about the doctrine of Paul. If James was written later, and not by James the brother of Jesus, it could be seen as a letter directly defying Paul, although the date and author are not conclusive enough to prove this either. Jobes points out that they were likely written around the same time, and that neither of them were written to balance or contradict the other. After reading Jobes I tend to agree with this position. First, both letters were written to different people under different circumstances so comparing the content as defying one another really doesn’t work. If they were written to the same group, at the same time, then there is the possibility but the two different groups had different circumstances. I think both statements are true in and of themselves. You can say both things and they can both be correct. Faith is the means to your justification is accurate but faith needs to be defined. Faith is not real if there is no fruit of your labor. Faith needs to be defined, something which James does.
Also, a pseudigraphic work would likely have stated his name, who he was, and many more details because they would have overdone it to prove who it was. James needed no introduction because people knew who he was.
I don’t think we can know the author or date of James for sure. What is quite clear and we CAN be sure of is that there were major tensions and disagreement on the very definition of “the Gospel” between Paul the Jerusalem leaders, as personified particularly in James (more than Peter). The way it’s worded is cautious (even in Galatians, where Paul is adamant, forceful) and one has to spend some time reading carefully and comparing between Paul and Acts. But even Acts, particularly the latter chapters re. Paul’s final visit there and the “collection for the saints” [in Jerusalem], makes it clear that James remained loyal to the Temple and the Torah and Paul did not. Paul didn’t even rely at all on the earthly life and teachings of Jesus, as James certainly did, along with his brother’s basic approach to the Law.
It also appears (espec. Acts 21:21 ff.) that James didn’t even know for sure just WHAT Paul was teaching. To see things like this and other critical factors, one has to read Luke’s accounts in Acts discerningly, as he clearly is being very selective and leaving important points OUT of the picture as much as he feels he can get away with. (And history, unfortunately, has confirmed that for most people, he could get away with it.)
Reblogged this on Talmidimblogging.
P. Long writes an interesting and helpful blog in understanding many different factors when considering the authorship of James such as the many people with the name of James, the use of Q, and how timeline affects how we understand the book of James. Growing up in Church and during my time at Grace Christian University, I continued to learn the common opinion that Paul and James are counter to each other. P. Long touches upon this aspect that James is often considered to be counter to the Pauline literature circulating during that period of time of the early church. Most popular in this topic is the differentiating ways by which Paul and James discuss works of the Law, Paul stating saved by faith (Eph. 2:8) whereas James states faith without works is dead (James 2:17).
If the book of James is written around the same time as the gospels or previous to them and thus previous to Acts 15, the way we understand the book of James quickly changes. If James is is written as early as the Mid-40s as Jobes suggests, than how we understand the theology within James takes a new form and context (P. 159). Instead of contradicting Pauline theology, James can be viewed as an extremely early piece of theology to those Jewish Christians who have converted but no longer understand how to live out their faith. No matter the date,and including another information, the realization must be made that James and Paul write to different audiences of Jewish and Gentile Christians, thus why we may see differences in theology
The authorship of James is a rather interesting subject that has some debate surrounding it. Personally, I have always taken the view that James, the half-brother of Jesus and the full brother of Jude wrote this letter. However, Jobes’ writing makes examine that view objectively and ensures that even if that is where I end up, I know how to better defend this James as the author of this letter.
Jobes looks at a variety of men named James that are mentioned during the time of Jesus’ ministry (151). Of this list that Jobes writes, the least likely seems to be James the brother of John (151). This James being the author of the letter is doubted because he died a martyr in A.D. 44 (Jobes, 152). His untimely death leads biblical scholars to believe that he was not the author, but rather it was James the half brother of Jesus (Jobes, 152). James, the half brother of Jesus, was known by the Jerusalem church as “James the Just” (Jobes, 152). It is unlikely that this title was wide known at the time he wrote the letter, so to call himself “James the Just” in his letter may have been meaningless to the original audience (Jobes, 151).
In view of this knowledge, it is very likely that James the Just was the author of this letter. An important thing that should be noted is that with this James as the author, he neither makes an attempt to “balance” Paul’s teaching nor contradict it. More so, his purpose has nothing to do with Paul, rather in showing the Jewish Christians spread around the Roman world how they should live as followers of Christ. James’ authority would be greatly helpful in making his words authoritative, rather than if it was coming from someone who the audience would not have had knowledge of.
I have to say the letter of James gives us an understanding of the ethical basis of Christian living. It gives us understanding in the context of relationship James (as Jesus sibling)have with Jesus and the signifiance his life and the role he plays in the church (Jobes 147). It also gives us the context of the new covenant in Christ and the old covenant through the Law by Moses, Jesus fulfilling the law. In this letter we can see the moral and ethical issues of social injustice. This letter can remind us about the commandant law of loving God with all our heart, soul, mind, and strength, and the same goes to loving our neighbor as we love ourselves. The Royal law, some may say it’s the Golden rule, is not base on emotion reaction, but literally to respect with a sense of dignity. Wisdom is use in this letter to give us an example to live the life highest good (Jobes 162). Traditionally, the fear of the Lord is the beginning wisdom, thus in obeying his commandments and following his instructions (Torah Law). I say, this letter is important for all believers of Christ Jesus and basic instructions of living a faithful one, not done by works, but with the reverence of the Lord and the love he calls for us to have towards others. How historically it may have its complexities of whom wrote it? when it was written? Etc, it is still needed for us to give observation in such details that we should not be confused nor be trouble. James, being a leader in Jerusalem, knowing The Torah ins and outs of it, the cultural of the environment during his time, all played an important piece to the purpose of writing such letter, for those then and for us now.
Some of the books of the Bible coincidently have the same name and author. As a child, I began to believe that this was the case for every book. It was not until I was older that I began to understand this deeper and the idea that just because a book is named James, it may not be James who wrote the book. We should not be assuming biblical history, we should be doing deeper research into the truth that God has laid out before us. Sometimes, there are still mysteries, but how would we continue to grow in our love for God without new knowledge to learn and theorize?
When looking at the book of James, we look into the authorship of James. It is interesting that James does not directly specify who he is. A thought I had was if he was, in fact, the brother of Jesus, then he probably did not because of the comparison. I like to think I am the only one in the world to get compared to my siblings, but it happens in every family. I could not imagine having Jesus as my brother, James would have never gotten anything right compared to him. Although James would have known and understood the amazing work Jesus was doing, it does not change those inner temptations of our own pride.
Again, we cannot assume that this was the case, so we look to the Bible for evidence. In comparison to James’ teaching in Acts 15, we see several parallels (Jobes, 153). The time frame can roughly put James in place as well, as we see famine and a variety of social justice that correlate. Overall there is evidence for the book of James being written by James, Jesus’ brother.
I find these discussions regarding the authorship of various letters and books of the Bible to be fascinating, intriguing, and incredibly significant. Early on during my time at Grace Christian University, when I heard that the author of a specific book or letter in the Bible was not completely known or agreed on, I would tend to just read along and not really give a second thought about it. Luckily, I have grown out of that stage, and these discussions have become intriguing and important to me. Why are they so important now? What caused this shift in my thinking and focus in regards to these discussions? Understanding the author of a book, especially one in the Bible, is critical to understanding the full context of the book and the words of the book. After undergoing a careful study of Pauline literature last semester, I really caught up on how writer tendencies and theology can become evident. As we progressed through the course, it became easier and easier to understand Paul and his letters because I was getting accustomed to his writing, his tone, and his theology. Therefore, understanding the writer of the book of James is incredibly important in my eyes as a Bible student, so I appreciate posts like these.
The fact that the brother of Jesus may be the writer of the book of James is also incredibly important. This is clear because of his familial connection to the Lord Jesus Christ. This offers a deeper look and deeper connection for the audience. After reading the text from Jobes, as well as the book of James, I am under the impression that James, the brother of Jesus, is the writer of this book in the Bible. This blog post claims that this is “the traditional view,” and I agree with that sentiment. Some may claim that the fact that the author of James does not claim his familial relationship to Jesus Christ means that it probably was not the brother of James who wrote the book. Jobes (2011) and I disagree with this statement, for Jobes claims that James would not have felt the necessity to claim his familial relationship to Jesus because the audience would have already known and understood this. James was a popular and familiar leader of the Jerusalem church (Jobes, 2011). Therefore, he would have not needed to list his relationship and brotherhood with Jesus Christ. Though it would have been convenient for us today, it was not necessary at the time, so this should not be a point that is used against the authorship of the brother of Jesus Christ.
I also agree with the point in the blog post that claims that what we know about James from Pauline letters matches with the book of James in the Bible. I agree with that from my understanding and studying of the Pauline letters in the course of Pauline Literature and Theology. After reading Jobes (2011) and this blog post, I definitely understand the counterpoints against the authorship of James, the brother of Jesus. However, I am not convinced of the other James’ in the Bible being the author of this book either. To answer the question at the end of the blog post, the idea that the letter from James goes against Pauline theology would be looked at differently if it was written before Acts 15, for Acts 15 from the Apostle Paul would not have been out yet. Therefore, the letter of James would not be viewed as so counter-intuitive to the theology of Paul, for it would not have understood the theology of Paul to this point.
Jobes, K. (2011). Letters to the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
According the internal evidence that presented by Jobes, it is quite evident that the book of James was without a doubt written by James the Just, one of the twelve disciple of Jesus; who was also the leader of the Jerusalem church. Apostle Peter was in Jerusalem with James the Just prior to the death of James, which indicate that Peter was aware of the leadership of James in Jerusalem, and left for another place after the death of James the Just. This portion alone clearly represent James of Jerusalem, who was also a half brother of Jesus as the author of the book of James. Also, James usage of language in the epistle make serval similarities style of speech in Acts 15;, as Jobes quoted, “James language in this epistle has serval parallels with the speech of James as found in Acts 15:23-29.” Therefore, it is crucial that we give a solid rich treatment to this epistle, we should not be double-minded and diminish the texts just because we are not certain about the author. Although we can’t provided a solid evidence on the authorship of this epistle, we can be certain the texts itself reflect a Christian theology that is not contradictories to the Bible or Pauline theology. The texts itself is inspire and accepted into the New Testament canon in the fourth century.
One way that this would affect our understanding is as it relates to the writings of Paul. As Jobes says, if this book was written before AD 62, “then there is no reason to believe that what James says about faith and works was necessarily written in direct engagement with Paul’s writings” (p. 155). This is important because there may be some concern that what James says here is contradictory to what Paul says in his letters. James 2:14 says, “so also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead.” This could be implied to mean that in order for one to truly be a Christian, they must do certain works to prove that. And in Romans 8:28, Paul says, “For we hold that one is justified by faith apart from works of the law.” This could be interpreted as saying that nothing you do matters, as long as you have faith.
However, Jobes points out that if the book of James was written by James the Just, and so before AD 62, these two passages would not be in utter disagreement. Instead, Jobes argues that “the relationship between faith in Christ and the works of the law as they had been practiced in Jewish tradition would have been a relevant topic for any Jewish Christian… (p. 155). In other words, these passages in James would not be written as an argument against Paul’s teachings, but rather they were written to a Jewish audience who would have spent their whole lives learning that works are the most important thing for salvation, and so they would have to learn the aspect of faith to go along with those works. Whereas Paul was writing to a Gentile audience who did not grow up following the law.
Jobes also points out that “James does not mention circumcision at all” (p. 155), which was the main issue that Paul dealt with. Had James been written as a dialogue with Paul’s teachings, it seems that this topic would have been mentioned.
After reading how Jobes discussed the authorship of the Book of James I have to agree that James does fit the best as the author. I believe given the historical context of the book it was probably written before Acts. One of the reasons I feel this way is spoken about on page 155. Jobes addresses the fact that James does not write about the question of whether Gentiles need to become Jewish before converting to Christianity. This is an excellent point. At the time, this was a very hot button topic that was being addressed and it was important for people to have an opinion on the matter. It seems like if this book was written at or after the time that these questions arose, the author would most likely address this. Jobes also addresses the similarities in James and Matthew as a possible clue in when this book was written. As you mention Jobes references the Q as a possible reason for James to have the same information and influence on the writing. Jobes explains that there was a possible common writing or teaching that both Matthew and James would have utilized to write their books. Jobes leaned in on the possibility that James may have been one of the earliest New Testament books based on these similarities.
If I’m being honest I have never questioned the authorship of James, I believe that I always assumed that it was James the Just, brother of Jesus. The book of Hebrews often gets most of the authorship questions, therefore I had never really devoted any energy or study into who wrote James, it seemed obvious enough. One thing I failed to realize however, was the number of “James” throughout the New Testament. According to Jobes, 2011, there are four of five differ men “James” could refer to, and the name itself is mentioned over forty times. There were some men Jobes referenced that I had mistakenly confused for the others, so overall my understanding was deeper. There seems to be the most evidence that James the Just, brother of Jesus, is the likely author. This influences how we read James in a number of ways. James being the leader of the Jerusalem church was obviously writing to the Jewish converts at that time. I find it interesting that there is more attention to works throughout the letter. In comparison to Paul, James talks about the fruit of a Christin more than the grace aspect. This is important to understand in the context of the audience. I believe this makes sense, when looking at the Jewish history with law and keeping the works based religious practices. James makes a point the works are still important, not as salvation, but as the fruit of the grace that God has shown. It would be easy as a Jewish Christian at that time to grow resentful to the laws and works that keep them captive for so long. James points out that these works are out of a free and worshipful attitude towards God’s grace.
References
Jobes, K. H. (2011). Letters to the Church: A Survey of Hebrews and the General Epistles. Zondervan.
I agree that the book of James was written by James the Just and that the verses in James could have been written to a Jewish audience since James was the leader of the Jewish congregation (Jobes, 387). That would build up their belief from their childhood of how works are the most important thing to their salvation because they grew up learning that. The difference between Paul and James writing is their audiences. James wrote to Jewish audience and Paul wrote to the Gentiles who didn’t grow up learning or following the law. I think that it could go both ways depending how you grew up and how you were raised. Jobes gives a few different points that this can be looked at with support from when other books of the Bible were written like Galatians or Romans (P. Long). I also agree with P Long that in the earlier days when the Bible was written there were a lot of Jewish Christians being led by James until Paul started his missionary in the 40s.
Although there may be big controversy about who maybe wrote the book of James, we know that with the same controversy that we saw in Hebrews, we can date it back to the times when James was the leader of the Jewish church. This makes some scholars believe that James was the writer of his own letter as the brother of Jesus. There are four books in the Bible that contain letters from what are considered the “Pillars of the Church” which would be framed by the two letters written by the brothers of Jesus. The traditional view of the book is that James was not the original author of the letter. While reading through the book there is no evidence that points out James as the author. Allison also makes a point that the letter of James actually misses the point of what Paul’s theology is trying to teach us. It seems that nobody really can come to a conclusion that every scholar has a different perspective on the book of James and who the author really is which gives us no clear idea of who it may actually be.
To me, the most interesting piece of speculation regarding the authorship of James is centered on the fact that the book is heavily involved in Jewish tradition. All Jewish-Christian literature is written to an audience of devout Jews, but James is considered by some to be the “bishop of Jerusalem”, or the pastor of pastors in Jerusalem. It is supposed that James’s identity as the brother of Jesus was well known to the point that no introduction would be required. However, if the author were indeed James the brother of Jesus, would he not have included this fact to an audience so keen on identifying each other’s authority based on genealogy. This could evidence the conclusion that the author of James was not, in fact, the historical James of the first century.
I think it is amazing that a man who grew up with Jesus Christ, who had known him all his life and had once oppose him, would now address Jesus Christ as the Lord Jesus Christ. James wrote with reverence, respect and honor for the person of the Lord Jesus Christ. It’s a tremendously powerful and practical message from someone who not only had seen and heard the Lord Jesus but had known him as a child.
In the class note, it was very interesting for me that, in the original Greek of the New Testament, the name Jacob and James are variants of the same root both names stem from the same Hebrew name, which is translated Jacob throughout the Old Testament. We know from the book of Jobes that Jacob was a common name in Jesus’ day, and many people named their son after the patriarch.
The Bible teach us that, Jesus had two disciples named James: James the son of Zebedee and James the son of Alphaeus. Another James, the half-brother of Jesus, was never one of the twelve disciples but was a leader in the early church of Jerusalem (Acts 15:13) and wrote the epistle of James. James is still Jerusalem when the recently converted Saul arrives to meet with him and Peter (Galatians 1:19).
When we look the Bible background and James letter it was clearly seen that James is the author of the epistle of James, which he wrote somewhere between A.D. 50 AND A.D. 60. James identifies himself by name but simply describes himself as a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ (James 1:1). His letter deals more with Christian ethics than Christian theology.
If the book of James uses too high of a Greek grammar to be written by a Galilean from Nazareth, James, then perhaps James used a amanuensis to write the book. Luke seems to be someone who could write Greek in such a refined style.
I consider it quite possible that James was the author of the Q source. For he converted shortly after the resurrection. He had access to the apostles. And it concerned his brother, Jesus. He was appointed first bishop of Jerusalem. So no doubt he was literate, at least enough to read the scriptures. So no doubt that he was asking questions about what happened in the life of Jesus; what did he miss. And no doubt we was taking notes and asking other apostles to confirm what some were saying since he was doing an investigation and had the biblical mandate to confirm testimony with multiple witnesses. And these notes could have easily become the Q source. James would have not thought that he had authority to write a narrative since he did not witness any of it himself. But he may have urged the literate apostles to take his notes and construct a story out of it. He may have even helped with finding biblical quotes. Luke may have even helped with translations
The differences in the gospels, then, may be accounted for by what the author considered reliable evidence. Some authors, such as Mark, may not have consider the testimony of women to be reliable; so there is no birth narrative or women at the tomb were abbreviated. Some, like Matthew, may have remembered more than just the Q source, and took his own memory as authority enough to write down. Others, like Luke, may have took the testimony of women or of just one person authoritative enough to write down since he interviewed them himself.
To be sincere, I’ve known James as one of Jesus’s relatives, but I’ve never learned about his lifestyle more in-depth. I’ve learned that Jesus and James grew up together and they are half-brothers. I would say James has to be the luckiest person in the bible to be relative to Jesus Christ because he got to spend so much time with Jesus and how they grew up together is a huge blessing for James. The Bible mentions that the earliest evidence indicates James was the leader of the church in Jerusalem and I also believe that James is the author of the book of James. But intriguingly, some excellent scholars still doubt that James is not the author and that it could be someone else. I can’t wrap my mind around why these scholars are not convinced by the bible. From a biblical point of view, the book of James is by James himself who is the brother of Jesus (Matt. 13:55). It’s also potential that the book of James is written in A.D. 55-60. Additionally, if you are a person who has doubts that the book of James is not written by James himself, then I feel displeasing for you. The book of Karen Jobes mentioned that “the book of James is a letter that presents itself as being written from a man named James who considers himself to be a servant of God, and of the Lord Jesus Christ”. (Karen 2011, pg. 150). Overall, I love how James himself is so humble the fact that he calls himself a servant of Jesus Christ instead of half-brother to Jesus Christ. Ultimately, let’s be convinced that the book of James, is by James himself.
I see two main reasons why finding the author changes the understanding of the letter. First, obviously, we learn in all beginning studies of the Bible you want to read something in the context in which it was written. This way you are not misplacing the statements being made. This is an effective way to read the scripture to be able to better understand what is being said. The other piece I’d like to highlight is before Acts 15 the ideology of what Paul was teaching. The ESV Bible highlights this as James is not particularly commenting on Pauline theology. He is simply talking about similar issues. If these issues were happening in Paul’s letters at the time it would make more sense that the same types of issues were happening, in other parts of the region. These are issues that would be going on throughout the region. So instead of the idea that there is a misunderstanding it would be a better idea that he simply, just didn’t know Paul’s letters.
There are quite a few men throughout the Bible who are known as James. Therefore, it could be a couple of people. Is there exact evidence for any of them? No. That is why there are many differing opinions on who wrote this book. Overall, it is interesting and it is important to look for information; however, unless some secret document is found, only God knows.
Because the book of James is not as popular as the other books in the bible, for a long while I had assumed the book was written by James the disciple. And even with that, it was hard to discern which one was James the disciple. It was such a common name in the Bible that it intrigued me that the author of the book of James did not clarify which James he is. Jobes (2014) compiles a concise list of possible authors, ranging from James, one of the twelve disciples, to James son of Zebedee, and, of course, James, the brother of Jude, who may also be the brother of Jesus Christ (page 150).
The timing of the writing of the book of James makes the other James’ not plausible. The blog mentions the Q-document that Jobes talks about in the book. Some of the similarities found in the books of Matthew, Luke, and James are due to them utilizing the same source, known as the Q. With that being said, if James, Jesus’ half-brother, also the leader of the Jerusalem church, wrote the letter before the events of Acts 15, it could provide insight into the early Christian community’s concerns and perspectives. The letter might reflect a more Jewish-Christian context, emphasizing the observance of Jewish practices. Additionally, it could show the challenges faced by the early followers of Jesus and the development of Christian theology before the Jerusalem Council addressed the issue of Gentile issues and Jewish practices in Acts 15.
It is important to know who the author of the book of James is, there is a great point that we have to think about when talking about the authorship of the Book of James. The historical context that is provided by Acts and Paul’s letters, these books talk about James as a big figure of the early Jewish Christian community in Jerusalem. But in the blog, we see that the name James is so common in the first century. This adds further confusion on who the author of the book actually is. There is no claim that James and Jesus have a relationship in the letter, which challenges the traditional view of thinking. Taking the approach of viewing the Book of James as “Pillars of the Church” could show who the attended audience was. I think the blog makes valid points about the theological differences between James and Paul, as well as the dating for the letter. The use of the letter “Q” is interesting, this could be a form of a historical clue that professionals must find out when they are trying to answer the question of who is the author of James.
The Q Document mentioned both in the blog, as well as in Karen Jobes book is incredibly interesting. That a document that composed of the written down teachings of Jesus to have possibly been used in the Gospels is interesting, and potentially explains why the Gospels in some ways sound the same, but this document may also not even exist either (Jobes, 2011, p. 191). Personally, I believe that James, the brother of Jesus did write the book, potentially before Paul.
This being said, there is a variety of evidence against this as well, but for the most part, the authorship that says it is James makes the most sense to me. The other evidence that can be used is clearly dated for after Paul has written his letters, and thusly, while it can be used as evidence against the earlier date, it makes more sense to use an earlier date, especially if this is James, the brother of Jesus.
With the later date, one could say, that perhaps both Paul and James’s letters were used to balance each other out, however, if one takes the earlier date, then, as Paul’s letters have not been written yet, this would be almost impossible to agree upon, and therefore, it could not be a counterbalance.
I think it is very important when determining the Author of James. I have not heard much of or dove into the life of James as after all he was the brother of Jesus. During his time, James was a figure of authority and wisdom to the people. It is often questioned to whom may have had authorship over the epistle but, it is widely accepted throughout our christian faith that James himself has written the epistle. Although there is no connection in the book of James that Jesus and James were related, it is still a widely known thing. In the book of James, He often talked about favoritism being a sin and how we should not have any favoritism. In the ESV study bible, James 2:1-4 states that “My brothers and sisters, Believers in our glorious Lord Jesus Christ, must not show favoritism”. The author states that we shouldn’t have favoritism as for what people wear, do, or have instead, we should not discriminate and be victim to evil thoughts. With that being said, Jobes brings up many points in her book “Letters to the Church” where she highlights parts of the book of James, and examines them, challenging the traditional view we have. One of the more important things that Jobes brings up is the literary genre and context of James. In the ESV study bible, in James 1:5 brings up a good literary genre example, it states “If any of you lack wisdom, you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you”. This verse shows us the context and literary genre connection between James and the new testament. The verse encourages us christians to believe in God and seek his wisdom in the times we are in need.
Before I never knew that there was any doubt as to if James the brother of Jesus wrote the book of James. I think it’s an interesting conversation but I do believe that James was the author. Even though in the book it is never directly stated that James and Jesus were brothers, what we know about James from historical accounts and other books in the bible we know to be true. One argument I find interesting is that with James being such a commonly used name back then that maybe it was not the same James. I don’t think this because I know that the bible is the word of God and that things discussed in the book of James wouldn’t be understood as well if the book itself was written by another person. I Believe that God used Jesus’s brother James to help write and share his word and contribute to the early church. People have always been looking for ways to disprove or question the bible and I think the controversy about who wrote the book of James is just another prime example of that and as a christian I have my faith knowing that everything I believe about the bible is true even when people will work towards finding “evidence” to disprove it.
Reflecting on the privilege of having the entire canon of scripture available to us today, reading James as written before the Acts 15 council of Jerusalem highlights quintessential humanity in the Jewish Christians’ reaction to the radical, history-making and future-shaking reality of Jesus. Not only did Jesus come preaching that salvation was near, but that in the wake of his ministry, death and resurrection, the witness of the apostles, and the founding of this new community around a different set of traditions/values, Jewish Christians suddenly faced an unprecedented way of life. This societal upheaval was followed up by an uprooting of most of their lives as persecution grew fierce in Jerusalem, setting the stage for a timely and essential message that I believe was an anchor to hold to. Summarising the first chapter of James, it is clear that the author needs to address and acknowledge the deeply trying circumstances that the Jewish Christians find themselves in. However, the author is strong in his expression about what the correct response ought to be in this light. James 1:12 says, “Blessed is the one who perseveres under trial because, having stood the test, that person will receive the crown of life that the Lord has promised to those who love him” (NIV). In my own life, I know that when trial comes, the most loving and genuinely helpful thing that a pastor, mentor or friend has done for me is to remind me of the bigger picture: “the why” if you will. I believe that reading James as written before Acts 15 offers us a unique opportunity to see the humanity of those who have gone before us, how God relates to them, and thus how God relates with us in our trials.